A1c, also known as hemoglobin A1c or glycated hemoglobin, is a blood test that measures the average blood sugar (glucose) levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It reflects the percentage of hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) that is coated with sugar (glycated).
Why Is A1c Important?
The A1c test is primarily used to:
- Diagnose Diabetes: It helps identify diabetes or prediabetes.
- Monitor Diabetes: For people with diabetes, it shows how well their blood sugar levels have been controlled over time.
How the A1c Test Works
- When glucose enters the bloodstream, it attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
- The higher the blood sugar levels, the more glucose binds to hemoglobin.
- Red blood cells have a lifespan of about 3 months, so the A1c test provides a long-term view of blood sugar levels.
A1c Levels and What They Mean
A1c results are reported as a percentage. Higher percentages indicate higher blood sugar levels.
| A1c Level | Indicates |
|---|---|
| Below 5.7% | Normal |
| 5.7%–6.4% | Prediabetes (higher risk of developing diabetes) |
| 6.5% or higher | Diabetes (confirmed by repeated testing) |
A1c Goal for People with Diabetes
- The typical A1c target for most people with diabetes is below 7%, though individual goals may vary depending on age, health conditions, and other factors.
- Lower A1c levels reduce the risk of complications like heart disease, kidney damage, and vision problems.
Advantages of the A1c Test
- Long-Term Insight: Unlike daily blood sugar tests, A1c provides an average over months.
- Convenience: No need for fasting before the test.
- Reliable Marker: A1c is less affected by temporary fluctuations in blood sugar.
Factors That Can Affect A1c Results
Certain conditions may alter A1c accuracy:
- Anemia or Blood Loss: Can lower A1c by reducing red blood cell count.
- Hemoglobin Variants: Like in sickle cell anemia, can affect test accuracy.
- Kidney or Liver Disease: May interfere with results.
Lifestyle Tips to Improve A1c
- Healthy Diet: Focus on low-glycemic, nutrient-dense foods.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity helps lower blood sugar.
- Consistent Monitoring: Use a glucometer or continuous glucose monitor (CGM).
- Medications: Follow prescribed treatments for managing blood sugar.
Monitoring your A1c and maintaining it within target levels is a key part of managing diabetes and preventing long-term complications. If you have questions about your A1c levels, consult your healthcare provider for personalized advice.
